How does SegWit change transaction structure [on hold]

How does SegWit change transaction structure [on hold]
  1. What is witness? Is it the data only composed of signatures part in transaction txins?
  2. How to compute txid before and after SegWit? BIP14 says wtxid is SHA256 of [nVersion][marker][flag][txins][txouts][witness][nLockTime]. Are those data that hashed as txid include witness of SegWit tx?
  3. How does witness be committed in Merkle tree?
  4. How does a tx be verified without SegWit?

It will be good if specific data structures and formulas are presented. Thanks!

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